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Jonathan Schooler

University of California, Santa Barbara, Psychology, Faculty Member

Philosophy of Mind +4

127 Followers 73 Following 1 Co-authorTotal Views

Papers

Qualities of the unreal.

by Elizabeth Loftus and Jonathan Schooler

Abstract 1. Investigated whether descriptions of memories following misleading postevent informat... more Abstract 1. Investigated whether descriptions of memories following misleading postevent information would differ from those of memories based on perception in 5 experiments. In Exp I, 175 undergraduates viewed a slide sequence depicting a traffic accident. In one condition, the sequence included a slide involving a yield sign. In a 2nd condition, Ss did not see the sign but merely had its existence suggested.

The Misremembrance of Wines Past: Verbal and Perceptual Expertise Differentially Mediate Verbal Overshadowing of Taste Memory

Journal of Memory and Language, 1996

Qualities of the Unreal

Journal of Experimental Psychology-learning Memory and Cognition, 1986

The Value of Believing in Free Will Encouraging a Belief in Determinism Increases Cheating

Re-representing consciousness: dissociations between experience and meta-consciousness

Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 2002

Verbalization produces a transfer inappropriate processing shift

Applied Cognitive Psychology, 2002

When considered in the context of prior research, the articles in this special issue on verbal ov... more When considered in the context of prior research, the articles in this special issue on verbal overshadowing largely support the contention that verbalization can induce a processing shift that interferes with the application of non-verbal operations. Multiple sources of evidence for a processing shift are reviewed, including: (1) verbalization quality often does not correspond to recognition performance; (2) describing one stimulus can interfere with memory for a different stimulus; (3) engaging in a featural processing tasks impairs recognition in a manner comparable to verbalization; and (4) engaging in non-verbal tasks can reverse the negative effects of verbalization. In the light of this evidence, it is suggested that verbalization produces a ‘transfer inappropriate processing shift’ whereby the cognitive operations engaged in during verbalization dampen the activation of brain regions associated with critical non-verbal operations. This account of verbal overshadowing is then used to explain both the generality and fragility of the verbal overshadowing effect. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Attenuating verbal overshadowing through color retrieval cues

Journal of Experimental Psychology-learning Memory and Cognition, 1997

Is knowing believing? The role of event plausibility and background knowledge in planting false beliefs about the personal past

Memory & Cognition, 2006

False memories are more likely to be planted for plausible than for implausible events, but does ... more False memories are more likely to be planted for plausible than for implausible events, but does just knowing about an implausible event make individuals more likely to think that the event happened to them? Two experiments assessed the independent contributions of plausibility and background knowledge to planting false beliefs. In Experiment 1, subjects rated 20 childhood events as to the likelihood of each event having happened to them. The list included the implausible target event “received an enema,” a critical target event of Pezdek, Finger, and Hodge (1997). Two weeks later, subjects were presented with (1) information regarding the high prevalence rate of enemas; (2) background information on how to administer an enema; (3) neither type of information; or (4) both. Immediately or 2 weeks later, they rated the 20 childhood events again. Only plausibility significantly increased occurrence ratings. In Experiment 2, the target event was changed from “barium enema administered in a hospital” to “home enema for constipation”; significant effects of both plausibility and background knowledge resulted. The results suggest that providing background knowledge can increase beliefs about personal events, but that its impact is limited by the extent of the individual’s familiarity with the context of the suggested target event.

Experience sampling during fMRI reveals default network and executive system contributions to mind wandering

Proceedings of The National Academy of Sciences, 2009

Increasing belief in the experience of an invasive procedure that never happened: the role of plausibility and schematicity

Applied Cognitive Psychology, 2006

Numerous studies have increased people's confidence in the occurrence of various childhood events... more Numerous studies have increased people's confidence in the occurrence of various childhood events, however, Pezdek, Finger, and Hodge (1997) were able to successfully increase participants' confidence in one event (e.g., being lost in a mall), but not another (e.g., having received an enema). Two experiments considered two factors, plausibility and schematicity, as explanations for this differential suggestibility. In Experiment 1, participants completed a questionnaire regarding the likelihood of experiencing various childhood events, including receiving an enema. Two weeks later, they were given schematic or plausibility information about enemas, or both, or neither. Finally, participants again completed the previous questionnaire regarding childhood experiences. Only plausibility increased participants' beliefs that they had experienced an enema during childhood. In Experiment 2, participants were additionally asked about whether they had a memory of the event. While participants still responded with greater confidence that they had experienced an enema when given plausibility information, it did not increase their memory for the event, and schematicity actually decreased reported memory for the experience. The potential implications of these findings for the formation of false memories of sexual abuse are considered. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Thoughts beyond words: When language overshadows insight

Journal of Experimental Psychology-general, 1993

57 ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ Reconsidering the Metaphysics of Science from the Inside Out 158

Qualities of the unreal.

by Elizabeth Loftus and Jonathan Schooler

Abstract 1. Investigated whether descriptions of memories following misleading postevent informat... more Abstract 1. Investigated whether descriptions of memories following misleading postevent information would differ from those of memories based on perception in 5 experiments. In Exp I, 175 undergraduates viewed a slide sequence depicting a traffic accident. In one condition, the sequence included a slide involving a yield sign. In a 2nd condition, Ss did not see the sign but merely had its existence suggested.

The Misremembrance of Wines Past: Verbal and Perceptual Expertise Differentially Mediate Verbal Overshadowing of Taste Memory

Journal of Memory and Language, 1996

Qualities of the Unreal

Journal of Experimental Psychology-learning Memory and Cognition, 1986

The Value of Believing in Free Will Encouraging a Belief in Determinism Increases Cheating

Re-representing consciousness: dissociations between experience and meta-consciousness

Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 2002

Verbalization produces a transfer inappropriate processing shift

Applied Cognitive Psychology, 2002

When considered in the context of prior research, the articles in this special issue on verbal ov... more When considered in the context of prior research, the articles in this special issue on verbal overshadowing largely support the contention that verbalization can induce a processing shift that interferes with the application of non-verbal operations. Multiple sources of evidence for a processing shift are reviewed, including: (1) verbalization quality often does not correspond to recognition performance; (2) describing one stimulus can interfere with memory for a different stimulus; (3) engaging in a featural processing tasks impairs recognition in a manner comparable to verbalization; and (4) engaging in non-verbal tasks can reverse the negative effects of verbalization. In the light of this evidence, it is suggested that verbalization produces a ‘transfer inappropriate processing shift’ whereby the cognitive operations engaged in during verbalization dampen the activation of brain regions associated with critical non-verbal operations. This account of verbal overshadowing is then used to explain both the generality and fragility of the verbal overshadowing effect. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Attenuating verbal overshadowing through color retrieval cues

Journal of Experimental Psychology-learning Memory and Cognition, 1997

Is knowing believing? The role of event plausibility and background knowledge in planting false beliefs about the personal past

Memory & Cognition, 2006

False memories are more likely to be planted for plausible than for implausible events, but does ... more False memories are more likely to be planted for plausible than for implausible events, but does just knowing about an implausible event make individuals more likely to think that the event happened to them? Two experiments assessed the independent contributions of plausibility and background knowledge to planting false beliefs. In Experiment 1, subjects rated 20 childhood events as to the likelihood of each event having happened to them. The list included the implausible target event “received an enema,” a critical target event of Pezdek, Finger, and Hodge (1997). Two weeks later, subjects were presented with (1) information regarding the high prevalence rate of enemas; (2) background information on how to administer an enema; (3) neither type of information; or (4) both. Immediately or 2 weeks later, they rated the 20 childhood events again. Only plausibility significantly increased occurrence ratings. In Experiment 2, the target event was changed from “barium enema administered in a hospital” to “home enema for constipation”; significant effects of both plausibility and background knowledge resulted. The results suggest that providing background knowledge can increase beliefs about personal events, but that its impact is limited by the extent of the individual’s familiarity with the context of the suggested target event.

Experience sampling during fMRI reveals default network and executive system contributions to mind wandering

Proceedings of The National Academy of Sciences, 2009

Increasing belief in the experience of an invasive procedure that never happened: the role of plausibility and schematicity

Applied Cognitive Psychology, 2006

Numerous studies have increased people's confidence in the occurrence of various childhood events... more Numerous studies have increased people's confidence in the occurrence of various childhood events, however, Pezdek, Finger, and Hodge (1997) were able to successfully increase participants' confidence in one event (e.g., being lost in a mall), but not another (e.g., having received an enema). Two experiments considered two factors, plausibility and schematicity, as explanations for this differential suggestibility. In Experiment 1, participants completed a questionnaire regarding the likelihood of experiencing various childhood events, including receiving an enema. Two weeks later, they were given schematic or plausibility information about enemas, or both, or neither. Finally, participants again completed the previous questionnaire regarding childhood experiences. Only plausibility increased participants' beliefs that they had experienced an enema during childhood. In Experiment 2, participants were additionally asked about whether they had a memory of the event. While participants still responded with greater confidence that they had experienced an enema when given plausibility information, it did not increase their memory for the event, and schematicity actually decreased reported memory for the experience. The potential implications of these findings for the formation of false memories of sexual abuse are considered. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Thoughts beyond words: When language overshadows insight

Journal of Experimental Psychology-general, 1993

57 ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ Reconsidering the Metaphysics of Science from the Inside Out 158